Effect of Insects Control with Preparation of Jadam Wetting Agent and Jadam Sulfur in Pepper and Tomato

Chun Woo Nam1* ․ Youngsang Cho2 ․ Hee Ja Moon1 ․ Se Woong An1․

Tae Cheol Seo1 ․ Hee Chun1

National Institute of Horticultural ＆ Herbal Science, RDA, NongSaengMyeong-Ro 100, WanJu-Gun 55365, Korea1

JaDam, Techno 2ro, YuSeong-Gu, DaeJeon 34025, Korea2

Abstract. This experiment was carried out to determine optimal concentration of organic pesticide material for the pest control in pepper and tomato. The control of aphids and Oriental tobacco budworm (OTB) was examined one day later for the control of OTB and aphids in the pepper "Super Manidda" after spraying with Jadam sulfur (JS) preparations (300~600 fold), and the Jadam wetting agent (JWA) preparations (50~300 fold), JS + JWA preparations, JWA preparations + ginkgo leaf extracts, JS preparations+ JWA preparations + ginkgo leaf extracts, JS preparations + JWA preparations + ginkgo leaf extracts. The OTB were completely controlled after 3 treatments at high concentration of JS + JWA (400+100 fold), and the more aphids emerge in the control, but after 3 treatments JWA preparations + ginkgo leaf extracts (100+100 fold) were completely controlled such as the high concentration treatment. The JWA and the JS preparations should be prevented at low concentrations when insect pests are not emerge, and then sprayed at high concentrations when insect pests are emerged in pepper test. The greenhouse powder of tomatoes was completely controlled by controlling three times, but it was considered that continuous control at intervals of 1-3 days was favorable in tomato test. As a result of periodically controlling the occurrence of greenhouse powdery mildew, which is a high temperature insect pest, several moths of OTB did not occur at all. JS + JWA (600 + 300 fold), and it was most economical considering operating cost. However, tomatoes should be noted that JS preparations should not be used in the shoots in July to August high temperatures where weakness appears.

Key words : pepper; tomato: organic farming: organic material

__________________________________________________

*Corresponding author: Tel:+82-063-238-6651

E-mail address: cwsky@korea.kr

1. Introduction

Korea has entered free trade agreements with agricultural super-powers and strong competitors in the developing world. Operational cost, safety and quality of the produce will play important role in the future of the agricultural industry. In terms of operating costs, it costs 6.5 times to grow peppers in Korea than in China. The cost is 2 to 6 times higher in most crops. Organic farming is being highlighted as a means to enhance the safety of produce, however, most organic-certified pesticides only demonstrate 50 to 70 percent of kill-rate of pests which is lower than chemical pesticides. For organic farming to spread, there needs to be a more effective natural pesticide. Sulfur and sulfur derivatives were traditionally used to control pests, but they had some serious side-effects including damaging steel pipes and plastic. However, a sulfur solution was invented that need not require heating to make (Jadam Sulfur, JS) along with a wetting agent (Jadam wetting agent, JWA). Their effectiveness is being tested on vegetables, fruits, and many crops (Jo. 2012). If specific manual for using JS and JWA can be produced for different crops, pests, and diseases, that will be a significant step forward in the progress of organic farming. Recently, there was a study proving that 0.05% JS solution had 70 to 95 percent disease control effect against powdery mildew in tomatoes (Sim et al., 2014). Hong and others (2014) applied microbial pesticide with organic synthesized fungicide diluted twice which demonstrated an effective rate of 70.3-70.9% which was similar to sole application of fungicide. It seems that spraying organic fungicide and organic farm inputs in turns in seven days for two times can reduce the frequency and volume of chemical pesticide application (Hong et al., 2015). Another reported that mixing antagonistic mircoorganisms with fungicide could increase the effectiveness against pepper phytophthora blight (Kim et al., 1991). It was reported that lime-sulfur mixture was most effective against canker in ginseng; red clay-sulfur mixture (dilution 20 to 400) was also effective in proportion to the concentration (Lim et al., 2015). A study revealed that applying sulfur immediately harvest on onions increased carbohydrate, protein, crude ash, and fat, and antioxidants like flavonoids (Jo and Surh. 2016). Jadam sulfur not only has pesticide effect but also contributes to the nutrient level of the produce, urging some to predict that the 21st century will be the era of sulfur.

One of the main tasks of the pepper industry is to enhance its food safety. Oriental tobacco budworm (OTB) is a notorious pest in peppers. In Suwon, this moth is present from late May to early October. There are three climax periods from early June to early September for each generation. Damage starts from early June, peaks in early September. Infestation levels are significantly different each year (Yang et al,. 2004. Hwang. 1987). OTBs drill into the pepper fruit, making it difficult to control with chemical pesticides. Damaged fruits fall immediately and cannot be marketed. This moth wreaks similar havoc on tomatoes. High-temperature pests such as OTBs, greenhouse whitefly, aphids, mites, etc. are rampant in rain-shelter cultivation during hot periods. This study aims to evaluate the effective concentration of organic farm inputs against high-temperature pests, namely, OTBs and aphids in peppers, and greenhouse whitefly in tomatoes.

Ingredients and method

<Test 1> Jadam sulfur (JS) is made by putting in sulfur (99.9%) 25kg, NaOH (98%) 20kg, sea salt 1.5kg, red clay powder 500g, phyllite powder 500g in order, adding water 50L, and stirring with wooden stick in a 100L heat-resistant plastic (PE) container. Ingredients dissolve after about 20 minutes. More water (32L) is added, stirred, and it is completed. The solution is allowed to sit for 1-3 days to sink the debris. Clear liquid is then transferred to thick-walled plastic containers, sealed, and stored. (Jo. 2012).

Jadam wetting agent (JWA) is made by putting in KOH (90%) 3.2kg, then first water of 2.5L in a 100L heat-resistant container, rolling the container to dissolve it. Water has to be soft water. Pour in 18L of canola oil, use electric drill to mix until it becomes like thin mayonnaise. Shut the lid, let sit for three days, and the substance hardens like butter. Add 20L of water, use drill to separate all the solids from the wall of the container, and dissolve them. Add 60L of water, stir with a clean wooden stick occasionally, and dissolving will be complete in 24 hours, producing a transparent liquid. (Jo. 2012).

The test was done on pepper variety of “Super Manidda.” Seeds were sown on Mar 25 in Wanju county, transplanted on May 29. We tried to find effective recipe against OTBs and aphids by trying: JS (300, 400, 500, 600 dilution), JWA (50, 100, 200, 300 dilution), JS+JWA (300+50, 400+100, 500+200, 600+300 dilution), JWA+ginkgo extract (100+100 dilution), JS+JWA+ginkgo (400+100+100 dilution), JS+JWA+ginkgo extract (400+100+200 dilution). They were repeatedly sprayed and the kill-rate for aphids and OTBs was investigated after a day. Triple repetition of randomized block design was used for allocation of test plots.

<Test 2> Test was carried out on the tomato variety “Minichal.” Tomato seeds were planted in Wanju district on March 25 and transplanted on May 27. We searched for an effective control method for greenhouse whiteflies that occurred naturally in the test plot. We tested with Jadam sulfur (300, 400, 500, 600 dilution), Jadam wetting agent (50, 100, 200, 300 dilution), JS+JWA (300+50, 400+100, 500+200, 600+300 dilution), and investigated its kill-rate after one day. Triple repetition of randomized block design was used for allocation of test plots.

- Concentration damage rate (%) = Number of damaged leaves / total leaves × 100

- Disease rate (%) = Diseased leaves / total leaves × 100

- Kill rate (%) = ((Non-sprayed area pest rate – sprayed area pest rate) / Non-sprayed area pest rate) × 100

Results and findings

<Test 1> We applied organic pesticide after aphids appeared. In the early stage, the kill-rate was 100 percent just with JWA 100 dilution. Kill-rate was above 90 percent for JWA 200 to 300 dilution. JWA+JS mixture also showed similar kill-rate to JWA solution, meaning that stronger solution produced higher kill-rate. In mid-growth stage, kill-rate was 90 percent in strong concentration of higher than 100. JS+JWA mixture also displayed similar results. However, JWA+ginkgo extract solution displayed over 97% kill-rate. Kill-rate was 100 percent for solution stronger than JWA 100 dilution. JS+JWA mixture had slightly higher kill-rate. Adding ginkgo extract also increased the kill-rate slightly. There were previous researches done with pesticide soap + 25% palm fatty acid (organic input). This material had over 92% kill-rate for pepper aphids in 50 dilution two applications in five days interval. In 100 dilution, with three applications with five days interval, it had 94% kill-rate (Lee et al., 2002). Egg yolk oil produced 53.2% kill-rate for aphids, however, when used as Neem oil + egg yolk oil (20ppm), it had 96.3% kill-rate (Jee et al., 2010). Existing researches mostly demonstrated that kill-rate increased when sprayed more than twice. This research suggests that an effective control of aphids was possible by applying it once in every growth stages of the pepper. Application of JS alone demonstrated 40~77% kill-rate according to its dilution. Though it is lower kill-rate than using JWA alone, it still had some effect. The mixing seems to create a synergistic effect (Table 1). Though not shown on the table, the peppers did not express any difference in growth according to different sprays, signifying that JS and JWA do not affect the plant growth.

For experiments on OTB, the kill was complete with thriple applications of JS+JWA (400+100 dilution). JS+JWA (400+100 dilution) + ginkgo leaves extract also had high kill-rate. However, the precise effect of ginkgo leaves was unknown. In conclusion, it seems that regular spraying at low concentration since when there were no pest outbreak and then increasing the concentration is effective and economical (Table 2). Organic pesticides are usually sprayed in the evening or in a cloudy day to increase its potency. It is thought that spraying after sunset will allow the pesticide to remain on the pest for over 4 hours, thus increasing the delivery. It is suggested that spraying against OTB is effective in the evening without direct sunlight or cloudy day, particularly in 1 or 2 days interval. The reason is because the OTB seems to move between the pepper fruits in one or two days. It is difficult to spray them once they are inside the fruit, but easier in their movement. Pepper did not show any signs of stress from high-concentration of JS 300 dilution. However, strong concentration spray during direct sunlight caused partial leaf burning. It is important to use JS in the evening out of direct sunlight or cloudy days (Table 1, 2). Future possible area of research is to test the disease prevention of JS+JWA by infecgting the peppers. The reason is that in the same year we sprayed JS+JWA once or twice every week in the test plot. Our test plot was free not only from greenhouse greenflies and mites but also canker and fungus. However, these diseases were rampant in nearby pepper fields.

<Test 2> The application organic pesticide made of JWA, JS, ginkgo leaf extract does not affect the growth of the tomato plant. There was no statistically significant difference in the leaf length, leaf width, number of nodes, flowers, etc. (Table 3). Greenhouse whiteflies on tomatoes were killed 100% with triple application of JS 600 + JWA 300 dilution. When used by themselves, JS killed them in 400 dilution and JWA in 100. Previous researches on microbial solution and egg yolk oil showed that microbial input’s kill-rate was 49.0~55.9% for grey fungus and 39.2~58.2% for leaf fungus. Egg yolk oil mixture featured a 97.6% for tomato powdery mildew (Hong et al., 2012). Against tomato powdery mildew, P. polymyxa CW pathogen culture has been applied at different dilutions of 106, 107, 108 cfu/ml. Non-treated field showed a diseased area percentage of 56.3% whereas treated field had much less disease occurrence of 0.03, 19.5, 45.7 percentage (Kim et al., 2013). For tomato grey fungus, EXTN-1 and Bacillus subtilis strain B17 had been applied during transplant through drip irrigation, twice in two weeks on the soil, and four times on the leaves from early flowering. This showed the highest disease-control rate of 57.0% and 55.1% (Kim et al., 2012). There are not any researches on pest problem in tomatoes such as greenhouse whiteflies, making it difficult to compare our results. Although the research is about fungus and not greenhouse whiteflies, considering the simple fact that our experiment demonstrated a remarkably high kill-rate, this natural pesticide system of utilizing JS and JWA has a high potential and needs further research. The number of greenhouse whiteflies decreased with every application. It is thought that three times of continued application with one or two days interval is a way to increase the potency (Table 4). In our experiment, tomatoes did not show any concentration damage in strong solution of JWA 300 dilution. Damage was observed with complete spray of JS+JWA (300+100 dilution and 400+200 dilution), however, there were no damages when sprayed beneath the flower buds. Concentration damage from JS usually appears in July to August in the hot season, so a research suggested that the spray should not be used for flower buds on new shoots (Nam et al., 2015b). JS should be used on evening without direct sunlight or cloudy days. Concentration damage issue of JS needs further study; it was reported that continued use of JS could cause damage on grapes, persimmons, and walnuts if it is too strong (Cho. 2012). More research is needed on the disease prevention effect of JS+JWA by infecting tomatoes with diseases. The reason is that our test plot was free from OTB and other pests with the exception of greenhouse whitefly, but not only that, it was free from leaf fungus and other diseases. JS displays disease prevention qualities on pepper, tomatoes and other crops. If the correct dilution ratio can be found for each crop and disease/pest, that will be a great leap forward for organic pesticides.

Reference

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Table 1. The control effect of aphid as affected by agricultural materials of organic farming in pepper.

treatments (sulfur+oil)		control value of aphid (%)
		field test(growth step)		in vitro
		early	metaphase- anaphase
control		0d	0d	0d
sulfur	sulfur 300	50.1c	77.6c	50.0c
	sulfur 400	45.3c	68.2c	45.2c
	sulfur 500	45.0c	68.3c	45.0c
	sulfur 600	40.6c	60.0c	39.5c
oil	oil 50	100a	91.2b	100a
	oil 100	100a	90.0b	100a
	oil 200	90.7b	90.0b	90.3b
	oil 300	90.2b	90.0b	90.0b
sulfur+oil	sulfur300+oil50	100a	93.4b	100a
	sulfur400+oil100	100a	92.0b	100a
	sulfur500+oil200	90.2b	93.3b	100a
	sulfur600+oil300	90.3b	90.0b	98.5b
Oil+leaf of ginkgo	Oil 100+ginkgo100	-	98.1a	100a
Sulfur+Oil+leaf of ginkgo	sulflur400+O100+Gz100	-	99.2a	100a
Sulfur+Oil+leaf of ginkgo	sulfur400+O100+G200	-	97.4a	100a
DMRT 0.05z		*	*	*

z: Means separation within columns by Duncan's multiple rage test(p≤0.05)

Table 2. The degree of occurrence oriental tobacco budworm(OTB) and  control result as affected by agricultural materials of organic  farming in pepper.

treatments (sulfur+oil)		degree of occurrence	one spray	two spray	tree spray
		(0-5)z
control		3	5.0a	5.0a	5.0a
sulfur	sulfur 300	3	3.3b	3.7b	3.7b
	sulfur 400	3	3.7b	3.7b	4.0b
	sulfur 500	3	3.3b	4.7a	4.7a
	sulfur 600	3	3.3b	4.7a	5.0a
oil	oil 50	3	3.3b	3.3b	4.7a
	oil 100	3	3.7b	3.7b	4.7a
	oil 200	3	5.0a	5.0a	5.0a
	oil 300	3	2.0c	1.0e	5.0a
sulfur+oil	sulfur300+oil50	3	2.3c	1.0e	0.0d
	sulfur400+oil100	3	2.7c	2.3c	0.0d
	sulfur500+oil200	3	4.0b	2.7c	1.3c
	sulfur600+oil300	3	2.0c	1.0e	1.3c
Oil+leaf of ginkgo	Oil 100+ginkgo100	3	2.3c	1.0e	0.0d
Sulfur+Oil+leaf of ginkgo	sulflur400+O100+Gy100	3	2.3c	1.3e	0.0d
Sulfur+Oil+leaf of ginkgo	sulfur400+O100+G200	3	2.3c	1.7d	0.3d
DMRT 0.05x		ns	*	*	*

z: 0:not occurrence, 1: very little, 2: a little,  3: middle, 4: severe,  5: very severe

y: ginkgo

x: Means separation within columns by Duncan's multiple rage test(p≤0.05)

Table 3. The growth characteristic as affected by agricultural materials of organic farming in tomato.

treatments (sulfur+oil)		plant height	leaf length	leaf width	no. of node	no. of flower truss
		(㎝)	(㎝)	(㎝)
control		230.1a	46.1a	33.8a	33.6a	10.0a
sulfur	sulfur300	236.2a	46.5a	34.5a	33.0a	10.2a
	sulfur400	237.5a	47.1a	35.1a	32.9a	9.5a
	sulfur500	229.3a	46.0a	36.7a	31.6a	9.7a
	sulfur600	224.1a	44.3a	35.0a	32.7a	9.7a
oil	oil50	231.7a	46.7a	35.0a	32.9a	9.8a
	oil100	231.7a	45.3a	35.5a	33.2a	9.7a
	oil200	229.9a	46.3a	35.3a	31.7a	9.2a
	oil300	238.7a	48.3a	35.3a	33.7a	9.8a
sulfur+oil	sulfur300+oil50	233.3a	46.9a	33.5a	32.8a	10.3a
	sulfur400+oil100	236.6a	47.3a	34.9a	32.9a	10.2a
	sulfur500+oil200	230.6a	47.3a	34.1a	32.1a	9.8a
	sulfur600+oil300	233.6a	48.2a	35.3a	32.7a	9.3a
DMRT 0.05z		ns	ns	ns	ns	ns

z: Means separation within columns by Duncan's multiple rage test(p≤0.05)

Table 4. The degree of occurrence of greenhouse whitefly and  control result as affected by agricultural materials of organic  farming in tomato.

treatments (sulfur+oil)		degree of occurrence	control times
		(0-5)z	one spray	two spray	tree spray
control		3	3.7a	5a	5a
sulfur	sulfur300	3	2.3b	1b	0c
	sulfur400	3	2.0b	1b	0c
	sulfur500	3	2.0b	1b	1b
	sulfur600	3	2.0b	1b	1b
oil	oil50	3	2.0b	1b	0c
	oil100	3	2.0b	1b	0c
	oil200	3	2.0b	1b	1b
	oil300	3	2.0b	1b	1b
sulfur+oil	sulfur300+oil50	3	2.0b	1b	0c
	sulfur400+oil100	3	2.0b	1b	0c
	sulfur500+oil200	3	2.0b	1b	0c
	sulfur600+oil300	3	2.0b	1b	0c
DMRT 0.05y		ns	*	*	*

z: 0:not occurrence, 1: very little, 2: a little,  3: middle, 4: severe,  5: very severe

y: Means separation within columns by Duncan's multiple rage test(p≤0.05)